Attacks in Paris show how urban security challenges are becoming more complex. They ask difficult questions and present no easy answers.

Peace for Paris by Jean Julien.
Friday’s attacks in Paris were an alarming reminder of the threats of organised violence in European cities. This comes less than a year after the assault against French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, and days after similar attacks in Beirut, in Lebanon, and Sinai, in Egypt. The coordinated events in the French capital were quickly linked with islamic terrorist groups, with ISIS on Saturday claiming responsibility. In response, the French President Francois Hollande declared a state of emergency, implemented curfews in Paris, and took the unprecedented step of closing French borders. Balancing outrage and agony, Hollande promised the response against those responsible to be ‘remorseless’.Read More